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Edit The French 2 disc special edition DVD contains a few minor re-edits:

• in the prologue, the two brief shots of Priestesses dancing in the distance are deleted and replaced with repeats of Caligula and Drusilla frolicking around the trees.
• The musical sting that accompanies the cut from the prologue to the opening credits is missing.
• Malcolm McDowell's speech ('I have existed from the morning of the world..') is heard much sooner.
• The opening credits are re-done in a new font.
• The dissolve between the opening credits and the bedroom scene is deleted.
• The music during the 'War on Britain' celebration sequence is missing a few measures.

The old German VHS by Constantin was basically uncut. Since these Videos were made in the 80s, they put the 156 min film on two Videos with a running time of approx. 80 minutes. However, there are a few minor differences to the 156 min US-DVD:

• The text at the very beginning of the film is deleted (approx. 60 seconds.)
• The grotto scene is missing about 5 sec, not for censorship reasons but probably due to a sloppy reel-change.
• The scene when the two women urinate on Proculus' corpse is missing Caligula saying: 'Lucky boy, to have escaped me so easily!'. Furthermore there is a repetition of the first and last scene from the Part I-VHS at the beginning of the Part II-VHS.

When the film was first released in the United Kingdom, it was trimmed down to about 150 minutes (in PAL speed) and included some alternate footage to replace the most explicit shots during the following scenes:

• Tiberius' grotto.
• Ennia's 'beauty treatment.'
• The sexual ritual dance at the Temple of Isis.
• Caligula's rape of Proculus and Livia.
• The infamous lesbian tryst.
• The Imperial Bordello sequence.

Caligula The Movie Uncut For Free

There are various versions of the film, ranging from the heavily truncated 90-minute version to the legendary 160-minute hardcore version which leaves nothing to the imagination (though the hardcore scenes were inserted later and do not involve the main cast members). On Putlocker - watch Caligula 1979 in HD 1080p with high speed link. Directed by Tinto Brass. With Malcolm McDowell, Peter O'Toole, Helen Mirren, Teresa Ann Savoy. Details the graphic and shocking, yet undeniably tragic story of Rome's most infamous Caesar, Gaius Germanicus Caligula.

The first R-rated cut to be released (October 1981) cut 51 minutes of footage (much of it for continuity purposes) and contained many alternate angles. It had the following changes:

• The opening scene is trimmed; instead of panning from the herd of sheep to Caligula and Drusilla lying on the ground, looking at the leaves, then getting up to chase each other, it's simply a cut from the herd of sheep to Caligula and Drusilla getting up. Later in the scene, they cut back to the herd of sheep to hide the cutting of Caligula sucking Drusilla's breast. The final several seconds of the scene are also cut to avoid exposing Drusilla's genitalia.
• The scene following the credits is shortened; it cuts from Drusilla saying 'he's not!' to Macro entering the room. Several shots are juggled around, and Caligula's line 'Macro!' is moved to a different shot. The final few seconds of the scene are trimmed, calling for a much quicker dissolve than in the original cut.
• The start of the scene in which Caligula is being carried to the palace while nude slaves work on the road is trimmed to avoid showing male genitalia.
• The scene by Tiberius's pool includes many alternate angles, juggled shots, and rearranged dialogue to avoid showing male genitalia (and a new laugh is dubbed over at the end as Tiberius exits the pool).
• The scene in Tiberius's grotto is almost entirely alternate angles in the segments involving the drunk soldier, and in the pleasure building. As well, many shots and lines of dialogue are juggled around.
• The scene in which Caligula expresses his fears of being killed by Tiberius to Drusilla, and where he is frightened by a black bird is cut entirely.
• In the 'morning at Capri' scene, several shots exposing genitalia are cut, as is the brief scene of three senators bathing in red mud, and Caligula's fantasies of torturing people.
• The entire scene where Charicles explains the condition of Tiberius to Caligula, and in which Macro swears his allegiance to Caligula is cut.
• The 'coronation' scene is trimmed by excluding a brief moment in which Caligula stops in the middle of his speech to sniff a white object in Drusilla's hand.
• The two explicit shots of fellatio behind the moon face in Caligula's bedroom are cut.
• The entire scene where Caligula 'judges' a land dispute is cut.
• The entire scene where Caligula banishes Ennia and hears about Macro's sentence is cut.
• The Temple of Isis scene is trimmed to remove graphic sex, and is shortened; the scene ends with Caligula saying it is 'perfect' that Caesonia is the most promiscuous woman in Rome.
• The 'killing machine' scene is trimmed to remove all but one quick shot of decapitation. The shot of Macro being beheaded is replaced with a long shot of the same act. Also, the dissolve between this scene and the next is cut.
• The rape of Livia and Proculus is drastically shortened-the scene ends on a close-up of Proculus just after Caligula tells Livia to take off her clothes.
• The scene where Caligula does his 'little boots' dance in the rain is shortened to remove nudity. The sex scene between Drusilla, Caesonia, and Caligula (as well as between Messalina and Agrippina) is cut altogether.
• The entire sequence with Caligula getting sick, his recovery, as well as when he signs documents and executes Proculus (then sees the black bird again) is deleted, but the shot of the crowd outside the palace is kept, and used as an establishing shot for the next scene.
• The scene where Caesonia gives birth is trimmed to remove the exposure of the infant's head coming through the vagina.
• The scene where Caligula licks Drusilla's corpse is parially at an alternate angle.
• The shot of Caligula wandering the streets with several women crouching in the background was cut.
• The scene where Longinus discusses Caligula's whereabouts with Caesonia is cut.
• The jail scene is shortened to remove the giant's coin trick.
• The Imperial Bordello scene uses many alternate angles, and deletes all but a few seconds of the Guccione inserts.
• The Battle of Britain scene is missing a brief conversation between Chaerea and Caligula.
• The Celebration scene is shortened to remove shots of pearls mounted in vaginas, and has the end missing; The scene ends just after Caligula shouts 'EAT!'
• Caligula, Caesonia, Julia, and the giant's death scenes are all trimmed to remove more graphic moments (i.e. Julia's head against the stone, closeups of Caligula being stabbed by the guards, etc).

There is much incorrect and misleading information concerning the various versions of this film. In America, only three versions have been made available publicly (either for video or theatrical release):

• The 'uncut, uncensored, and unrated' cut. This was first released in theaters in February, 1980 with a running time of 156 minutes. When it was released on video, CED and laserdisc in January of 1984, the film was time compressed down to 148 minutes (though the laserdisc mistakenly states on the cover that the film is 143 minutes). This version was released again on video and laserdisc in 1989, still at 148 minutes from time compression. In 1999, it was re-released in theaters and on DVD back at 156 minutes, without time compression.
• The first 'R' rated version. This was first released in October of 1981 after it seemed unlikely that the film could make its money back in an X rated form. This version ran for 105 minutes, featured many alternate angles, and cut many scenes for the purpose of continuity and pacing. This version was released on video, CED, and laserdisc in January of 1981, time compressed to 101 minutes (and with an afterword in which Bob Guccione encourages the viewer to return the R version and purchase the unrated version via the postal service). This version has not been in release in the United States since.
• The second 'R' rated version. This version was released on DVD in 1999, and used no alternate angles; the film was sloppily cut from the aforementioned unrated version. However, because it eliminates many dramatic scenes that the 1981 R-rated version also eliminates, it appears to have been modeled after the previous R-rated version. However, unlike with the 1981 edit, alternate material was not available, so the (uncredited) editor simply repeated several shots to cover up gaps in the film. This caused for enormous lapses in continuity during some of the most graphic scenes (especially in Tiberius's grotto). This version runs 102 minutes.

In 1984, Franco Rosselini hired the editor Enzo Micarelli to re-edit a longer, pre-release version of the film for release in Italy, which he re-titled 'Io, Caligola.' This version ran 133 minutes until the censors forced Rossellini to cut it down, first to 87 minutes, then back to 123 minutes. The ten minutes worth of cuts may explain some of the abrupt changes in music during the most explicit scenes. It contains some alternate angles and a few additional bits not found in the better-known 156 minute 'uncut' version. As well, some of the music has been replaced with a new score by Renzo Rossellini. This version contains the following differences with the 156 minute version:

• The entire film is re-dubbed into Italian.
• The prologue of Caligula and Drusilla in the forest is deleted.
• The opening credits appear not over the 'bleeding eye' logo, but over a still from the scene of Tiberius's funeral. The 'Montagues and Capulets' music in the original has been replaced with a new (more epic-sounding) main theme by Renzo Rossellini.
• The opening scene of Caligula awakening in bed with Drusilla, then being scared by a black bird is in its proper place(it appeared about twenty minutes too late in the 'uncut' version). However, it is missing a couple of lines of dialogue ('Shh. You're safe. You're with me.' 'He's going to kill us. Just the way he killed our father, our mother, and our brothers.'). There are a few additional shots when the bird enters the room (not to mention an amusing new sound effect of the bird crowing), and the entire first part of the scene (up until Caligula gets off the bed) is from an alternate angle/take. After the bird is gone, there is additional dialogue between Caligula and Drusilla where they laugh about it (and Drusilla telling Caligula that 'it's only a bird' is a different take). Once they're on the bed again, their conversation about Marcellus is gone (causing a jump cut from Caligula fondling her hair to the two of them making out).
• A new establishing shot (which appears to have been lensed by Franco Rossellini himself) of the island of Capri is inserted between the scene in Caligula's room and the scene of Caligula being taken to the palace. Therefore, the dissolve between the two scenes is deleted (save a few frames at the end of the first scene that are just barely noticable).
• The scene by Tiberius's pool is altered in several places. When he first appears, Tiberius calls out 'Caligula!' not once (like in the 156 minute version), but twice. During Caligula's dance, the shot of the musicians playing by the pool and the closeup of a boy's ass going underwater are both gone, both without regard for the music track. Part of Claudius's laugh is overdubbed by the Italian actor who dubbed his voice, but part of it sounds like Giancarlo Badessi's original. A shot that depicted one of Tiberius's 'little fishies' genitals as he kneels is awkwardly cut-it removes the kneeling only, causing a jump cut. Tiberius's dialogue on how he 'protects their innocence' is cut, meaning that the scene abruptly cuts from him saying 'My little fishies love me' to the boy and the girl standing beside him jumping into the pool. Some redundant dialogue is cut toward the middle of the scene, so Tiberius now says 'Heaven help Rome when I'm gone! I'm old. All the others, struck down by fate!', removing the specific references to his remaining choice of heir. The beginning of the shot of Caligula hugging Tiberius is trimmed, so the shot begins with Tiberius patting Caligula on the back.
• The grotto scene is also greatly changed. The scene of the drunk soldier being tortured with more wine is cut, as is his subsequent execution. The end of the first cutaway in the 3-story sex building is trimmed, removing the shot of a woman's ass coming forward on a swing. The next cutaway, of a man being masturbated by a woman as reflected through a distorting mirror, is trimmed to remove the display of male genitalia. The closeup of the nymph is gone, but she's still visible and her line of dialogue ('Britain, lord') is intact. The two ends of the scene come together well enough that the resulting jump cut is hardly noticeable. The dialogue involving Tiberius asking Caligula whether he prefers 'nymphs to satyrs' is deleted. The 'More Conviction!' bit is deleted, and as a result, the exchange between Caligula and Tiberius becomes: Tiberius-'Rome is a republic, and you and I are plain citizens.' Caligula-'Oh, but they love you, lord.' Tiberius-'Oh, no. They fear me, and that is much better.' The closeup of a woman rubbing her genitals is gone, as is Caligula's reaction shot. (It's interesting to note that the long shot of the whole building remains intact here, even though it still shows the soldier being tortured). Some dialogue is cut when Tiberius and Caligula are on the bottom floor, so Tiberius's speech becomes 'We were frugal, good, disciplined and DIGNIFIED! Oh, yes, I am a true moralist. And stern as any cato. Fate chose me to govern swine, and in my old age, I've become a swineherd.' This also eliminates most of the shots of the freaks on display. The long shot of Gemellus coming down the stairs is deleted, and thus, so is Tiberius's line '-the setting sun, and the rising moon..' As Tiberius and Gemellus exit the room, it cuts from Tiberius's line '..unless he is dead before I am!' to the cutaway showing the 3-story sex building. This eliminates a line of dialogue from Tiberius, a long shot of the stairs, and Caligula walking over to the podium where Tiberius stamps documents.
• The first half of Nerva's suicide is probably the most changed portion of the film. As opposed to the 156 minute version, where Baragli's score filled the soundtrack, the scene is completely without music here. First, the shot of Macro and Ennia coming up to Caligula's room is longer-it shows their shadows against the curtains as they walk towards the entrance. As well, Caligula plays with Ennia's scarf for a few seconds once she is in the room. The beginning of Tiberius's discovery of Nerva's condition is missing-it begins with the long shot of Tiberius saying 'Bind his wrists! Bind his wrists!' Once Caligula comes over to find out what the commotion is about, a group of guards run across the room. Tiberius's pleading for Nerva to live is both shortened and at an alternate angle. After Nerva says that he hates his life, Ennia and Macro appear, finding Tiberius and Caligula looking on as Nerva dies. There is an exchange of glances, and then Tiberius tells the two senators looking on to leave (a different angle/take), and Caligula chases out Macro and Ennia. The rest of the scene is unchanged (the shot of Caligula entering the room in the 156 minute version is actually the shot of him coming back in after telling Macro and Ennia to leave).
• The 'morning at Capri' scene only shows the guards sleeping, the men waking up on the floor of the grotto, a naked woman in the grotto lying down, and the servants cleaning the walkway. The cuts interrupt the music and sound effects in this scene as well.
• Caligula discussing Tiberius's condition begins with Caligula halfway down the stairs.
• The scene where Caligula takes the ring from Tiberius's finger has different, almost spaghetti western-sounding music.
• During the coronation, there are a few additional reaction shots during the beginning of Caligula's speech of Macro, the priests, Claudius, Gemellus, and Drusilla listening. However, the part where Caligula sniffs an onion to make himself cry is deleted.
• The scene where Caligula finds two young guards performing fellatio behind the moonface is reduced to a medium shot of the act, and it goes on for less than two seconds.
• The scene where Caligula 'judges' a land dispute is gone.
• All closeups of slaves jerking off for Ennia to use as skin cream are gone, but less than two seconds of a medium shot of the act remains. Caligula's urinating is gone. The cuts disrupt the music in this scene.
• The Temple of Isis has been edited quite a bit, and contains completely different music (also, the previous scene ends early, removing Caligula's line 'I wonder what I should wear'). The scene begins with the main shot of the priestesses rather than the closeups found in the 156 minute version. Almost all shots of the orgy in the pool are gone. Drusilla's line 'Not your style' immediately cuts to the first closeup of Caesonia. A rotating, overhead shot of the pool is added at the end.
• The scene where Caligula and Caesonia have sex for the first time is trimmed. It goes from Caligula turning her on her hands and knees to Caesonia's remark 'You're very convincing as a priestess, Caesar' (resulting in a jump cut). After Caligula gives his reply, it cuts to the pan away at the end of the scene, only with Caesonia's moan dubbed over it.
• The killing machine opens not with the closeup of a man being decapitated, as in the 156 minute version, but with the overhead shot of the blades as the machine moved along. The only shot of decapitation retained is that of the second prisoner. Macro's decapitation is completely left to the imagination. It shows people throwing fruit at him, then suddenly, Caligula says his famous 'just one neck' comment. Interestingly, one remark from the crowd ('What's it feel like now, Macro?') is left in English. What follows is a scene deleted entirely from the 156 minute version-As Caligula begins to talk to Longinus about Proculus, it suddenly cuts to a long shot of the imperial box, then it shows the guards going over to Proculus's seat and throwing him into the stadium with the killing machine. Proculus kills all the guards on the killing machine until he gets to the top. Once he's there, Caligula salutes him as a Roman hero, sending him a crown of flowers.
• The wedding scene is trimmed both to pick up the pace, and to make the film less graphic. Caligula asking Proculus if Livia is a virgin is gone, as is him throwing his clothes over her and commenting on how she's lucky to lose her virginity to a descendant of Venus. Caligula's noticing the blood from her genitals, saying that she really was a virgin, and asking Proculus if he is one is all cut, covered by the use of a shot of Livia laying on her side, which was actually used later in the scene in the 156 minute version (causing a jump cut). Caligula does ask Proculus to take off his clothes, but once he gets him on the table, it suddenly cuts to him saying 'My blessing to you both', and putting the flower in his ass.
• The scene where Caligula, Drusilla, and Caesonia make love is almost completely different in tone. All of Bob Guccione's inserts depicting two lesbian models making love are gone, but the shots of the moon face that segue into them are intact. The scene now begins with the ladies-in-waiting sitting down, then cutting to Caligula and Drusilla kissing, then Caligula fondling her breasts, then it cuts to the shot of Caesonia and Drusilla kissing, then panning down. The scene ends there, and it contains an entirely different, and decidedly more ominous music score.
• The beginning of the scene in Incitatus's stable is missing.
• The scene where Caligula is ill is simplified-when Caligula asks for Drusilla, she comes, and THEN they have their conversation about how they quarrel. All the dialogue dealing with the conspirators planning for Caligula's death, as well as Caligula making out his will, is gone.
• Proculus's death is intact up to the point where he is urinated on, that is cut. Caligula tells Longinus to cut off Proculus's genitals, and then he walks away. End of scene.
• The birth of Julia Drusilla is edited to remove the actual shots of a woman giving birth.
• Drusilla's death is edited. Instead of Caligula licking her corpse, it shows him licking her feet, and then jump cuts to him coming back up after licking her whole body. The final shot of the scene is completely different-the 156 minute version shows Caligula walking around the palace screaming 'NO!'. 'Io, Caligola' shows a red-tinted scene of him carrying her corpse on the veranda.
• The scene of Caesonia asking Longinus where Caligula is is deleted here.
• The scene in the jail begins with Caligula coming down the chute. The scene of the giant doing a coin trick with a woman's vagina is deleted.
• The imperial bordello scene is almost unrecognizable. The shots of the senators wives looking scared are deleted. Bits and pieces of Guccione's inserts are presented at seemingly random points, all with a nearly completely different music score (the piece from Cinderella is still intact, but it carries over to the next scene).
• The scene of Caligula walking around the palace at night has two inserts of the moon that are not present in the 156 minute version.
• The film ends with a still of Incitatus running away, rather than the closeup of Caligula's dead face. The new theme runs over the credits.

Caligula
Directed by	Tinto Brass (credited as Principal Photographer) Additional Scenes: Giancarlo Lui Bob Guccione
Produced by	Bob Guccione Franco Rossellini
Screenplay by	Tinto Brass Malcolm McDowell Bob Guccione (all uncredited)[2]
Based on	an original screenplay by Gore Vidal
Starring	Malcolm McDowell Teresa Ann Savoy Helen Mirren Peter O'Toole John Gielgud
Music by	Paul Clemente[3][4] Musical Excerpts: Aram Khachaturian Sergei Prokofiev
Cinematography	Silvano Ippoliti
Edited by	Nino Baragli The Production[5] Russell Lloyd(uncredited)
Production company	Penthouse Films International Felix Cinematografica
Distributed by	Produzioni Atlas Consorziate (P.A.C.) (Italy)[6] Analysis Film Releasing Corporation (US)[7]
August 14, 1979 (Italy)[8] February 1, 1980 (U.S.)[9]
156 minutes
Country	Italy United States
Language	English Italian
Budget	$17.5 million[10]
Box office	$23.4 million[11]

Caligula (Italian: Caligola) is a 1979 erotichistorical drama film focusing on the rise and fall of the Roman Emperor Caligula. It stars Malcolm McDowell, Teresa Ann Savoy, Helen Mirren, Peter O'Toole, John Steiner and John Gielgud. It is the only feature film produced by the men's magazine Penthouse. Producer Bob Guccione, the magazine's founder, intended to produce an explicit pornographic film with a feature film narrative and high production values. He also cast Penthouse Pets as extras in unsimulated sex scenes filmed during post-production by himself and Giancarlo Lui.

Guccione hired screenwriter Gore Vidal to draft the film's script and Tinto Brass to direct the film. Brass extensively altered Vidal's original screenplay, leading Vidal to disavow the film. The final screenplay focuses on the idea that 'absolute power corrupts absolutely'. However, both Brass and Vidal disagreed over Guccione's use of unsimulated sexual content, which Brass refused to film. Because the producers did not allow Brass to edit the film, they changed its tone and style significantly and added hardcore sex scenes not filmed by Brass, thus turning Caligula into a pornographic drama that disregarded the director's intentions to present the film as a political satire. As a result, Brass also disavowed the film.

Caligula's release was met with legal issues and controversies over its violent and sexual content. Its uncut form remains banned in several countries.^[12] Although reviews were overwhelmingly negative (though McDowell's performance as the title character and O'Toole's performance as Tiberius were praised), Caligula is now considered to be a cult classic in retrospect, and its political content is considered to have significant merit. Leonardo DiCaprio even stated he based his character in The Wolf of Wall Street on the titular character in this film, and his descent into going mad with power.

The script was later adapted into a novelization written by William Johnston under the pseudonym William Howard.^[13]

In 2018, Penthouse announced that a new Director's Cut of the film was being edited by Alexander Tuschinski, with the approval of Brass's family.^[14]

• 3Production
  • 3.1Development
• 4Soundtrack
• 7Reception

Plot[edit]

Caligula is the young heir to the throne of his great uncle, the Emperor Tiberius. One morning, a blackbird flies into his room; Caligula considers this a bad omen. Shortly afterward, the head of the Praetorian Guard, Macro, tells Caligula that Tiberius demands his immediate presence at Capri, where the Emperor lives with his close friend Nerva, a dim-witted relative Claudius, and Caligula's younger stepbrother Gemellus. Fearing assassination, Caligula is afraid to leave but his sister and lover Drusilla persuades him to go.

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At Capri, Caligula finds that Tiberius has become depraved, showing signs of advanced venereal diseases, and embittered with Rome and politics. Tiberius enjoys swimming with naked youths and watching degrading sex shows that often include children and deformed people. Caligula observes with fascination and horror. Tensions rise when Tiberius tries to poison Caligula in front of Gemellus. Nerva commits suicide and Caligula tries to kill Tiberius but loses his nerve. Proving his loyalty to Caligula, Macro kills Tiberius instead with Gemellus as a witness.

After Tiberius' death and burial, Caligula is proclaimed the new Emperor, then proclaims Drusilla as his equal, to the apparent disgust of the Roman Senate. Drusilla, fearful of Macro's influence, persuades Caligula to get rid of him. Caligula sets up a mock trial in which Gemellus is intimidated into testifying that Macro murdered Tiberius, then has Macro's wife Ennia banished from Rome. After Macro is executed in a gruesome public game, Caligula appoints Tiberius' former adviser Longinus as his personal assistant while pronouncing the docile Senator Chaerea as the new head of the Praetorian Guard.

Drusilla tries to find Caligula a wife among the priestesses of the goddess Isis, the cult they secretly practice. Caligula wants to marry Drusilla, but she insists they cannot marry because she is his sister. Instead, Caligula marries Caesonia, a priestess and notorious courtesan, after she bears him an heir. Drusilla reluctantly supports their marriage. Meanwhile, despite Caligula's popularity with the masses, the Senate expresses disapproval for what initially seem to be light eccentricities. Darker aspects of Caligula's personality emerge when he rapes a bride and groom on their wedding day in a minor fit of jealousy and orders Gemellus's execution to provoke a reaction from Drusilla.

After discovering that Caesonia is pregnant, Caligula suffers severe fever. Drusilla nurses him back to health. Just as he fully recovers, Caesonia bears him a daughter, Julia Drusilla. During the celebration, Drusilla collapses with the same fever he suffered. Soon afterward, Caligula receives another ill omen in the form of a blackbird. Despite his praying to Isis out of desperation, Drusilla dies from her fever. Initially unable to accept her death, Caligula suffers a nervous breakdown and rampages through the palace, destroying a statue of Isis while clutching Drusilla's body.

Now in a deep depression, Caligula walks the Roman streets disguised as a beggar; he causes a disturbance after watching an amateur performance mocking his relationship with Drusilla. After a brief stay in a city jail, Caligula proclaims himself a god and becomes determined to destroy the senatorial class, which he has come to loathe. The new reign he leads becomes a series of humiliations against the foundations of Rome—senators' wives are forced to work in the service of the state as prostitutes, estates are confiscated, the old religion is desecrated and the army is made to embark on a mock invasion of Britain. Unable to further tolerate his actions, Longinus conspires with Chaerea to assassinate Caligula.

Caligula enters his bedroom where a nervous Caesonia awaits him. Another blackbird appears but only Caesonia is frightened of it. The next morning, after rehearsing an Egyptian play, Caligula and his family are attacked in a coup headed by Chaerea. Caesonia and Julia are murdered, and Chaerea stabs Caligula in the stomach. With his final breath, the Emperor defiantly whimpers 'I live!' as Caligula and his family's bodies are thrown down the stadium's steps and their blood is washed off the marble floor. Claudius witnesses the entire ordeal and becomes traumatized, despite the people proclaiming him the new Emperor.

Cast[edit]

• Malcolm McDowell as Caligula
• Teresa Ann Savoy as Drusilla
• Helen Mirren as Caesonia
• Guido Mannari as Macro
  • Patrick Allen as Macro (English dub voice) (uncredited)^[3]
• John Gielgud as Nerva
• Peter O'Toole as Tiberius
• Giancarlo Badessi as Claudius
• John Steiner as Longinus
• Paolo Bonacelli as Cassius Chaerea
  • Joss Ackland as Cassius Chaerea (English dub voice) (uncredited)
• Leopoldo Trieste as Charicles
• Adriana Asti as Ennia
• Mirella Dangelo as Livia
• Richard Parets as Mnester
• Donato Placido as Proculus
• Osiride Pevarello as Giant
• Anneka Di Lorenzo as Messalina
• Lori Wagner as Agrippina
• Bruno Brive as Gemellus
• Paula Mitchell as Subura Singer
• Davide as Caligula's horse (uncredited)

Production[edit]

Development[edit]

The men's magazine Penthouse had long been involved in film funding, helping invest in films made by other studios, including Chinatown, The Longest Yard and The Day of the Locust, but it had never produced a film on its own.^[15] The magazine's founder Bob Guccione wanted to produce an explicit adult film within a feature film narrative that had high production values; he decided to produce a film about the rise and fall of the Roman emperor Caligula.^[16] Development began under producer Franco Rossellini, the nephew of filmmaker Roberto Rossellini.^[15] A screenplay was written by Lina Wertmüller, but Guccione rejected Wertmüller's script and paid Gore Vidal to write a new screenplay.^[17] Vidal's screenplay had a strong focus on homosexuality, leading Guccione to demand rewrites which toned down the homosexual content for wider audience appeal. Guccione was concerned that Vidal's script contained several homosexual sex scenes and only one scene of heterosexual sex, which was between Caligula and his sister Drusilla.^[17][18] Vidal was paid US$200,000 for his screenplay, which was titled Gore Vidal's Caligula.^[15]

Elaborate sets were built by production designer Danilo Donati, who also designed the film's costumes, jewelry, hair styles, wigs and makeup.^[15] Several mainstream actors were cast, Guccione intending to make a film which he felt, like Citizen Kane, would be a landmark in cinematic history.^[18] Guccione offered directing duties to John Huston and Lina Wertmüller, both of whom rejected the film.^[15] After viewing scenes from the film Salon Kitty, Guccione agreed to have lunch with that film's director Tinto Brass, believing Brass would be the ideal person to direct Caligula.^[18] Brass had a reputation for being difficult to deal with on film sets but Guccione thought the film's epic scope would 'keep [Brass] in line' and that Brass understood the concept of the film enough to direct it.^[15] Brass described Vidal's screenplay as 'the work of an aging arteriosclerotic' and agreed to direct only if he was allowed to rewrite Vidal's screenplay.^[18] Brass' screenplay expanded the sexual content to include orgies, decorative phalluses, and much female nudity.^[18] Guccione said Brass' rewrites were done out of necessity to the film's visual narrative and did not alter the dialogue or content.^[15]

In an interview for Time magazine, Vidal said that in film production, directors were 'parasites' and a film's author was its screenwriter; in response, Brass demanded Vidal's removal from the set and Guccione agreed.^[15] Guccione considered film to be a 'collective effort, involving the input of a great number of artists and craftsmen', and the director to be the leader of a 'team effort'.^[15] Vidal filed a contractual dispute over the film because of Brass' rewrites;^[15] Guccione said Vidal had demanded 10% of the film's profits, which Vidal said was not the case.^[17] Vidal distanced himself from the production, calling Brass a 'megalomaniac'. Brass publicly stated, 'If I ever really get mad at Gore Vidal, I'll publish his script'.^[19] Vidal's name was removed from the film's title; the credits were changed to state that the film was 'adapted from a screenplay by Gore Vidal', crediting no official screenwriter.^[20] Guccione said, 'Gore's work was basically done and Tinto's work was about to begin'.^[15]

Themes and significance[edit]

Mark 8:36, quoted at the film's beginning,^[21] establishing the film's theme that 'absolute power corrupts absolutely'^[22]

The film's primary theme is 'absolute power corrupts absolutely'.^[22] Vidal's script presented Caligula as a good man driven to madness by absolute power;^[18] Brass' screenplay envisioned Caligula as a 'born monster'.^[18] In The Encyclopedia of Epic Films, author Djoymi Baker describes Brass' screenplay as 'an antiepic with an antihero, on a path of self-inflicted, antisocial descent'.^[23] Guccione said this final draft was more violent than sexual, stating, 'I maintain the film is actually anti-erotic .. in every one of its scenes you'll find a mixture of gore or violence or some other rather ugly things'.^[22]

Casting[edit]

Renowned actors were cast in the film, including Malcolm McDowell, Helen Mirren, Peter O'Toole and Sir John Gielgud, with Maria Schneider cast as Caligula's doomed sister Drusilla.^[19] Schneider became uncomfortable with appearing nude and in sexual scenes, and left the production, to be replaced by Teresa Ann Savoy, whom Brass had previously worked with on Salon Kitty.^[19] Schneider had also apparently angered Brass by sewing up the open tunics she was supposed to wear on camera.^[24] Gielgud was originally offered the role of Tiberius, which he declined, as he felt Vidal's script was 'pornographic'; however, he later accepted the role of Nerva.^[25] Director Tinto Brass cast his own acquaintances as senators and noblemen, including ex-convicts, thieves and anarchists.^[15][26] Guccione cast Penthouse Pets as female extras in sexual scenes.^[15]

Filming[edit]

Principal photography began in 1976 in Rome.^[15] McDowell got along well with Tinto Brass, while Peter O'Toole immediately disliked the director. John Gielgud and Helen Mirren were indifferent to Brass; they focused on their own performances.^[15] O'Toole had stopped drinking alcohol before filming, but Guccione described O'Toole as being 'strung out on something' and said the actor was not sober during the entire filming schedule.^[15]

During the film's production, McDowell took members of the production to dinner at an expensive restaurant to celebrate England's win in a football match against the Italian team. He left the choreographer to pay for the meal, saying he had forgotten to bring enough money.^[15] At the end of the production, McDowell gave his dresser a pendant bearing her name, but it was misspelled and she gave it back to him. McDowell offered her a signet ring, a prop from the film. She refused because it belonged to the production company.^[15]

Brass decided not to focus much on Danilo Donati's elaborate sets, and intentionally kept the Penthouse Pets in the background during sex scenes. He focused instead on women whom Guccione considered to be unattractive.^[15] Brass and Guccione disagreed about the film's approach to sexual content; Guccione preferred unsimulated sexual content that Brass did not want to film.^[27]

Post-production[edit]

Filming concluded on 24 December 1976.^[15] Guccione said Brass shot enough film to 'make the original version of Ben-Hur about 50 times over'.^[15] Brass started editing the film himself but was not allowed to continue after he had edited approximately the first hour of it. His rough-cut was disassembled afterwards and the film was edited by several editors, changing its tone and structure significantly by removing and re-arranging many scenes, using different takes, a slower editing style and music other than Brass intended.^[29]

A few weeks after filming had concluded, Guccione and Giancarlo Lui returned to Rome with several Penthouse Pets. Guccione and Lui 'hired a skeleton crew, snuck back into the studios at night, raided the prop room'^[15] and shot hardcore sex scenes to edit into the film.^[26][27] Brass ultimately disowned the film.^[28]

Even though there were a number of editors on the film, their names were not credited. Instead, the credit 'Editing by the Production' is given during the opening credits.

Because the film was intended for release in English and much of the dialogue was recorded in Italian, the film's dialogue had to be dubbed.^[30] Peter O'Toole was reluctant to re-record his dialogue; he stayed away from the film's producers until he finally agreed to re-record his dialogue in a Canadian recording studio.^[15]

Soundtrack[edit]

Caligula: The Music
Soundtrack album by
Released	1980
Recorded	Motown Studios(Songs) Emmequattro Studios (Score)
Genre	Film score, classical, pop, disco
Length	36:22
Label	Penthouse Records
Producer	Toni Biggs

The film was scored by Bruno Nicolai under the name Paul Clemente.^[3][4] According to Kristopher Spencer, the score 'is gloriously dramatic, capturing both the decadent atmosphere of ancient Rome and the twisted tragedy of its true story'.^[4] The score also featured music by Aram Khachaturian (from Spartacus) and Sergei Prokofiev (from Romeo and Juliet).^[4] In November 1980, Guccione formed Penthouse Records to release a double album soundtrack to Caligula.^[31] The album featured Nicolai's score and two versions—one in a disco style—of a love theme titled 'We Are One', which did not appear in the film.^[4][32]

Track listing[edit]

Side one No. Title Writer(s) Vocals Length 1. 'We Are One (Caligula Love Theme)' Toni Biggs Lydia Van Huston 3:18 Side two No. Title Writer(s) Vocals Length 1. 'We Are One (Caligula Love Theme Dance Version)' Toni Biggs Lydia Van Huston 4:33 Side three No. Title Writer(s) Length 1. 'Wood Sequence (Intro/Spartacus/Romeo & Juliet)' Paul Clemente, Aram Khatchaturian, Sergei Prokofiev 4:20 2. 'Caligula & Ennia (Anfitrione)' Paul Clemente 1:52 3. 'Caligula's Dance (Marziale)' Paul Clemente 1:20 4. 'Drusilla's Bedroom (Spartacus)' Aram Khatchaturian 0:55 5. 'Isis Pool (Oblio)' Paul Clemente 4:15 6. 'Livia/Proculus Wedding (Movimento)' Paul Clemente 3:37 7. 'Caesonia's Dance (Primitivo)' Paul Clemente 1:25 Side four No. Title Writer(s) Length 1. 'Drusilla's Death - Main Theme (Spartacus)' Aram Khatchaturian 5:48 2. 'Orgy On Ship (Cinderella/Midnight Waltz)' Sergei Prokofiev 1:52 3. 'Orgy On Ship - Part II (Orgia)' Paul Clemente 2:28 4. 'Battle Of Britain (Spartan War)' John Leach 1:26 5. 'Play/Stadium (Equiziana)' Paul Clemente 2:47 6. 'Caligula's Death (Romeo & Juliet)' Sergei Prokofiev 3:32 7. 'Reprise (Spartacus [Main Theme])' Aram Khatchaturian 0:45

Release[edit]

Guccione refused to submit Caligula to the MPAA because he did not want the film to receive a rating—even X—which he considered to be 'demeaning'.^[10] Instead, Guccione applied his own 'Mature Audiences' rating to the film, instructing theater owners not to admit anyone under the age of 18.^[34] The film premiered in the United States on 1 February 1980, at the Trans Lux East Theatre, which Guccione had rented exclusively to screen the film; he changed the theater's name to Penthouse East.^[9]

Rather than leasing prints to exhibitors, the distributor rented theaters that specialized in foreign and art films for the purpose of screening Caligula exclusively^[35] in order to keep the film out of theaters that showed pornographic films.^[34][35][36] In 1981, the Brazilian Board of Censors approved the establishment of special theaters to screen In the Realm of the Senses and Caligula because they were international box office hits.^[37]

Caligula grossed US$23 million^[11] at the box office, becoming the highest-grossing pornographic film ever produced independently.^[38] The film was a financial success in France, Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, the Netherlands and Japan.^[31] A 105-minute R-rated version without the explicit sexual material was released in 1981.^[20][39][40]

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The script was adapted into a novelization written by William Johnston under the pseudonym William Howard.^[13]

Legal problems[edit]

In 1979, when Guccione tried to import the film's footage into the U.S., customs officials seized it. Federal officials did not declare the film to be obscene.^[36] When the film was released in New York City, the anti-pornography organization Morality in Media unsuccessfully filed a lawsuit against these federal officials.^[36]

In Boston, Massachusetts, authorities seized the film.^[36]Penthouse took legal action, partly because Guccione thought the legal challenges and moral controversies would provide 'the kind of [marketing] coverage money can never buy'.^[41]Penthouse won the case when a Boston Municipal Court ruled that Caligula had passed the Miller test and was not obscene.^[41] While the Boston judge said the film 'lacked artistic and scientific value' because of its depiction of sex and considered it to '[appeal] to prurient interests', he said the film's depiction of ancient Rome contained political values which enabled it to pass the Miller test in its depiction of corruption in ancient Rome, which dramatized the political theme that 'absolute power corrupts absolutely'.^[22] A Madison, Wisconsin, district attorney declined an anti-pornography crusader's request to prevent the release of Caligula on the basis that 'the most offensive portions of the film are those explicitly depicting violent, and not sexual conduct, which is not in any way prohibited by the criminal law.'^[22]

Atlanta prosecutors threatened legal action if the film was to be screened in the city, but experts testified in court on behalf of the film, and Atlanta, too, declared that the film was not obscene.^[36] Citizens for Decency through Law, a private watchdog group which protested against films which it deemed immoral, sought to prevent the film's exhibition in Fairlawn, Ohio, on the grounds that it would be a 'public nuisance', leading Penthouse to withdraw the film from exhibition there to avoid another trial.^[22] CDL's lawyer advised against attempting to prosecute Penthouse for obscenity and instead recommended a civil proceeding, because the film would not be placed against the Miller test.^[22] The Penthouse attorney described the Fairlawn events as being driven by conservative morality reinforced by Ronald Reagan's presidential victory, stating, 'Apparently, these extremists have interpreted a change by administration to mean a clarion call for a mandate to shackle the public's mind again.'^[22] The uncut film was granted a certificate by the British Board of Film Classification in 2008. The film was banned in Australia, where it continues to be banned in its uncut form as of 2014.^[42]

In 1981, Anneka Di Lorenzo, who played Messalina, sued Guccione, claiming sexual harassment. In 1990, after a protracted litigation, a New York state court awarded her $60,000 in compensatory damages and $4 million in punitive damages. On appeal, court vacated the award, ruling that punitive damages were not allowed by the law governing the case.^[43]

Reception[edit]

Contemporary reviews[edit]

Caligula received generally negative reviews.^[44]Roger Ebert gave it zero stars, calling it 'sickening, utterly worthless, shameful trash'. Ebert wrote, 'In the two hours of this film that I saw, there were no scenes of joy, natural pleasure, or good sensual cheer. There was, instead, a nauseating excursion into base and sad fantasies.'^[45] It is also notable for being one of the few films Ebert ever walked out of—he walked out 2 hours into its 170-minute length after feeling 'disgusted and unspeakably depressed'.^[45] He and Gene Siskel selected the film as one of their 'dogs of the year' in a 1980 episode of Sneak Previews.^[46]Variety described the film as a 'moral holocaust'.^[47]Rex Reed called Caligula 'a trough of rotten swill'.^[26]Jay Scott, reviewing Caligula for The Globe and Mail, said, 'Caligula doesn't really work on any level'.^[48] Scott unfavourably compared Caligula with In the Realm of the Senses, describing the latter film as a better treatment of extreme sexuality.^[48] Scott's review went on to say 'Rome would seem to be at least as fecund a territory for the cinematic exploration of sex, death and money, as pre-war Japan .. but what's missing from Caligula, which is rife with all three, is any connective tissue (also any point of view, any thought, any meaning)'.^[48] Scott concluded his review by claiming the whole film's production was 'a boondoggle of landmark proportions'.^[48]New York critic David Denby described the film as 'an infinitely degraded version of Fellini Satyricon.^[28]Tom Milne (Monthly Film Bulletin) stated that the film was 'by no means so awesomely bad as most critics have been pleased to report—but pretty bad all the same' and found the film to be 'notable chiefly for the accuracy with which it reflects this anonymity.'^[49]

Caligula continued to garner negative reception long after its release. It has been reappraised by some critics; review aggregate Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a negative score of 23% based on 30 reviews, with an average rating of 3.06/10. The site's critical consensus reads, 'Endlessly perverse and indulgent, Caligula throws in hardcore sex every time the plot threatens to get interesting.'^[44]Leslie Halliwell said Caligula was 'a vile curiosity of interest chiefly to sado-masochists'.^[50]Time Out London called it 'a dreary shambles'.^[51] Positive criticism of the film came from Moviehole reviewer Clint Morris, who awarded it 3 stars out of 5, calling it '[a] classic in the coolest sense of the word'.^[44]New Times critic Gregory Weinkauf gave the film 3 out of 5, calling it 'Kinda dumb and tacky, but at least it's a real movie'.^[44]Arkansas Democrat-Gazette reviewer Philip Martin also gave the film 3 out of 5.^[44]

Writers for The Hamilton Spectator and St. Louis Post-Dispatch said Caligula was one of the worst films they'd seen.^[52][53] Writing for The A.V. Club, Keith Phipps said, 'As a one-of-a-kind marriage of the historical epic and the porn film .. Caligula deserves a look. But it might be better to let Guccione's savagely unpleasant folly fade into the century that spawned it'.^[54]

Retrospective recognition[edit]

Caligula is considered to be a 'cult classic'.^[55] Helen Mirren described Caligula as 'an irresistible mix of art and genitals'.^[33] In 2005, artist Francesco Vezzoli produced a fake trailer for an alleged remake called Gore Vidal's Caligula as a promotion for Versace's new line of accessories; the remake was to star Helen Mirren as 'the Empress Tiberius', Gerard Butler as Chaerea, Milla Jovovich as Drusilla, Courtney Love as Caligula, and Karen Black as Agrippina the Elder and featuring an introduction by Gore Vidal. The fake trailer was screened worldwide, including New York City's Whitney Museum of American Art's 2006 Whitney Biennial.^[56]Leonardo DiCaprio has cited the film as an influence on his performance as Jordan Belfort in The Wolf of Wall Street.^[57]

Reconstruction attempts[edit]

In 2007, Caligula was released on DVD and Blu-Ray in an 'Imperial Edition',^[58] which featured the unrated theatrical release version and a new version featuring alternative sequencing from the original theatrical release and without the explicit sexual content shot by Guccione, marking the first attempt to reconstruct the film into a version closer to Brass' intentions. This edition also includes audio commentaries featuring Malcolm McDowell and Helen Mirren, and interviews with the cast and crew.^[59]

In February 2018, Penthouse announced that a new cut of the film was being edited by Alexander Tuschinski.^[60] Tuschinski will use 85 minutes of Brass's original workprint and edit the remainder of the film himself.^[61] Brass' family supports Tuschinski's effort, but it remains unconfirmed if Brass will be directly involved with the edit.^[62] However, the edit is an attempt to realize Brass's original vision for the film.^[14]

In July 2018, Alexander Tuschinski released his documentary Mission: Caligula on Vimeo. The film explores his relationship to Caligula, the process of reconstructing Brass's vision and Penthouse CEO Kelly Holland's backing of the project.^[14]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^'CALIGULA – A Small Selection of Advertisements and Posters'. The Saga of the Unmaking of Caligula.
2. ^William Hawes (2008). Caligula and the Fight for Artistic Freedom: The Making, Marketing and Impact of the Bob Guccione Film. McFarland. ISBN978-0-7864-5240-8.
3. ^ ^abcWilliam Hawes (2008). Caligula and the Fight for Artistic Freedom: The Making, Marketing and Impact of the Bob Guccione Film. McFarland. p. 233. ISBN978-0-7864-5240-8.
4. ^ ^abcdeKristopher Spencer (2008). Film and Television Scores, 1950–1979: A Critical Survey by Genre. McFarland. p. 125. ISBN978-0-7864-5228-6.
5. ^The film's titles credit both Baragli and 'The Production', a credit possibly referring to Bob Guccione and his production assistants, with editing.
6. ^'Annuario del cinema italiano & audiovisivi' (in Italian). Centro di studi di cultura, promozione e difusione del cinema: 59. OCLC34869836.Cite journal requires journal= (help)
7. ^Anthony Slide (2014). The New Historical Dictionary of the American Film Industry. Routledge. p. 11. ISBN978-1-135-92554-3.
8. ^William Hawes (2008). Caligula and the Fight for Artistic Freedom: The Making, Marketing and Impact of the Bob Guccione Film. McFarland. p. 195. ISBN978-0-7864-5240-8.
9. ^ ^abWilliam Hawes (2008). Caligula and the Fight for Artistic Freedom: The Making, Marketing and Impact of the Bob Guccione Film. McFarland. p. 196. ISBN978-0-7864-5240-8.
10. ^ ^abJohn Heidenry (2002). What Wild Ecstasy. Simon and Schuster. p. 268. ISBN978-0-7432-4184-7.
11. ^ ^ab'Caligula box office at the-numbers.com'. the-numbers.com.
12. ^'Film Censorship: Caligula (1979)'. Refused-Classification.com. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
13. ^ ^abSpencer, David (January–February 2010). 'IAMTW's Grand Master Scribe Award, The Faust, Goes to the Genre's Most Prolific Practitioner'(PDF). Tied-In: The Newsletter of the International Association of Media Tie-in Writers. Calabasas, California: International Association of Media Tie-in Writers. 4 (1). Retrieved August 26, 2015.
14. ^ ^abcTuschinski, Alexander (July 26, 2018), Mission: Caligula, retrieved July 27, 2018
15. ^ ^{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwx}Ernest Volkman (May 1980). 'Bob Guccione Caligula Interview from Penthouse May 1980'. Penthouse: 112–118, 146–115. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
16. ^Constantine Santas; James M. Wilson; Maria Colavito; Djoymi Baker (2014). The Encyclopedia of Epic Films. Scarecrow Press. p. 115. ISBN978-0-8108-8248-5.
17. ^ ^abcNew York Magazine. New York Media, LLC. March 26, 1979. p. 85. ISSN0028-7369.
18. ^ ^abcdefghJohn Heidenry (2002). What Wild Ecstasy. Simon and Schuster. p. 266. ISBN978-0-7432-4184-7.
19. ^ ^abc'Will the Real Caligula Stand Up?'. Time (magazine). January 3, 1977. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
20. ^ ^abMichael Weldon (1996). The Psychotronic Video Guide To Film. St. Martin's Press. p. 87. ISBN978-0-312-13149-4.
21. ^Stanley E. Porter (2007). Dictionary of Biblical Criticism and Interpretation. Routledge. p. 331. ISBN978-1-134-63556-6.
22. ^ ^abcdefghStephen Prince (2002). A New Pot of Gold: Hollywood Under the Electronic Rainbow, 1980–1989. University of California Press. p. 350. ISBN978-0-520-23266-2.
23. ^ ^abConstantine Santas; James M. Wilson; Maria Colavito; Djoymi Baker (2014). The Encyclopedia of Epic Films. Scarecrow Press. p. 118. ISBN978-0-8108-8248-5.
24. ^'Stracult Movie - Therese Ann Savoy', Video Rai TV (July 31, 2012)
25. ^ ^abWilliam Hawes (2008). Caligula and the Fight for Artistic Freedom: The Making, Marketing and Impact of the Bob Guccione Film. McFarland. p. 105. ISBN978-0-7864-5240-8.
26. ^ ^abcThomas Vinciguerra (September 6, 1999). 'Porn Again'. nymag.com. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
27. ^ ^abJeffrey Richards (2008). Hollywood's Ancient Worlds. A&C Black. p. 157. ISBN978-1-84725-007-0.
28. ^ ^abcNew York Magazine. New York Media, LLC. February 25, 1980. p. 61. ISSN0028-7369.
29. ^'Analysis and reconstruction of Tinto Brass' intended version of Caligula (PDF, 15,2 MB, 106 pages)'(PDF). Retrieved September 9, 2014.
30. ^William Hawes (2008). Caligula and the Fight for Artistic Freedom: The Making, Marketing and Impact of the Bob Guccione Film. McFarland. p. 108. ISBN978-0-7864-5240-8.
31. ^ ^abBillboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. November 15, 1980. p. 8. ISSN0006-2510.
32. ^Jerry Osborne (2002). Movie/TV Soundtracks and Original Cast Recordings Price and Reference Guide. Jerry Osborne Enterprises. p. 92. ISBN978-0-932117-37-3.
33. ^ ^abWilliam Hawes (2008). Caligula and the Fight for Artistic Freedom: The Making, Marketing and Impact of the Bob Guccione Film. McFarland. p. 191. ISBN978-0-7864-5240-8.
34. ^ ^abStephen Vaughn (2006). Freedom and Entertainment: Rating the Movies in an Age of New Media. Cambridge University Press. p. 73. ISBN978-0-521-85258-6.
35. ^ ^abStephen Prince. A New Pot of Gold: Hollywood Under the Electronic Rainbow, 1980–1989. p. 349.
36. ^ ^abcdeStephen Vaughn (2006). Freedom and Entertainment: Rating the Movies in an Age of New Media. Cambridge University Press. p. 74. ISBN978-0-521-85258-6.
37. ^Lisa Shaw; Stephanie Dennison (2014). Brazilian National Cinema. Routledge. p. 100. ISBN978-1-134-70210-7.
38. ^Joyce L. Vedral (1990). Uncle John's Third Bathroom Reader. St. Martin's Press. p. 155. ISBN978-0-312-04586-9.
39. ^William Hawes (2008). Caligula and the Fight for Artistic Freedom: The Making, Marketing and Impact of the Bob Guccione Film. McFarland. p. 205. ISBN978-0-7864-5240-8.
40. ^David Welling (2010). Cinema Houston: From Nickelodeon to Megaplex. University of Texas Press. p. 249. ISBN978-0-292-77398-1.
41. ^ ^abStephen Prince (2002). A New Pot of Gold: Hollywood Under the Electronic Rainbow, 1980–1989. University of California Press. p. 349. ISBN978-0-520-23266-2.
42. ^Robert Cetti (2014). Offensive to a Reasonable Adult: Film Censorship and Classification in Australia. Robert Cettl. p. 48. ISBN978-0-9872425-5-6.
43. ^'Marjorie Lee Thoreson A/K/A Anneka Dilorenzo, Appellant-Respondent, V. Penthouse International, Ltd. And Robert C. Guccione, Respondents-Appellants'. law.cornell.edu. Retrieved January 19, 2011.
44. ^ ^abcde'Caligula (1979)'. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved July 3, 2014.
45. ^ ^abRoger Ebert (September 22, 1980). 'Caligula'. Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
46. ^http://clip-bucket.com/arslan-hassan, Modified by Richi from Juapo2Services & Developer by Arslan Hassan -. 'Siskel & Ebert org - Worst of 1980'.
47. ^'100 Most Controversial Films of All Time'.
48. ^ ^abcdJay Scott, The Globe and Mail, February 7, 1980.
49. ^Milne, Tom (1980). 'Caligula'. Monthly Film Bulletin. Vol. 47 no. 552. British Film Institute. p. 232. ISSN0027-0407.
50. ^Photoplay Magazine, Volume 38, 1987 (p.38)
51. ^'Caligula (1979)'. Time Out. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
52. ^'Lowest:100 Really Bad Moments in 20th Century Entertainment'. The Hamilton Spectator, July 24, 1999 (p. W17).
53. ^Joe Holleman, 'Roman Warriors roam the big screen again'. St. Louis Post-Dispatch May 5, 2000 (p. E1).
54. ^Keith Phipps(April 23, 2002) Caligula. The AV Club. Retrieved January 12, 2014.
55. ^William Hawes (2008). Caligula and the Fight for Artistic Freedom: The Making, Marketing and Impact of the Bob Guccione Film. McFarland. p. 1. ISBN978-0-7864-5240-8.
56. ^Linda Yablonsky (February 26, 2006). ''Caligula' Gives a Toga Party (but No One's Really Invited)'. The New York Times. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
57. ^'Leonardo DiCaprio channelled Caligula for Wolf of Wall Street'. WENN.com. December 18, 2013. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015.
58. ^Monica S. Cyrino (2013). Screening Love and Sex in the Ancient World. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 148. ISBN978-1-137-29960-4.
59. ^Martin M. Winkler (2009). Cinema and Classical Texts: Apollo's New Light. Cambridge University Press. p. 32. ISBN978-0-521-51860-4.
60. ^AVN, Mark Kernes,. 'Penthouse Event Previews New Version of Classic Film 'Caligula' AVN'. AVN. Retrieved March 12, 2018.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
61. ^'Film-Analyses / Caligula'. alexander-tuschinski.de. Retrieved March 12, 2018.
62. ^TheMovieReport.com (February 28, 2018), MISSION CALIGULA Q&A at Hollywood Reel Independent Film Festival - February 26, 2018, retrieved March 12, 2018

External links[edit]

Caligula X Version Full Movie Torrent

Wikiquote has quotations related to: Caligula (film)

Caligula Youtube Movie

• Reconstruction of Tinto Brass' Director's Cut of the film. (PDF; 15,2 MB)
• Tinto Brass discusses his original ideas for Caligula. (Video)
• Caligula on IMDb
• Caligula at Rotten Tomatoes