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Magnetic Separation is the process of separating components of mixtures by using magnets to attract magnetic materials.^[1] The process that is used for magnetic separation detaches non-magnetic material with those who are magnetic. This technique is useful for not all, but few minerals such as ferromagnetic (materials strongly affected by magnetic fields) and paramagnetic (materials that are less affected but the effect is still noticeable).^[2] Not all metals are magnetic; gold, silver and aluminum are some examples.

A large diversity of mechanical are used to separate magnetic materials.^[2]Call of duty 4 modern warfare patch 1.7 download. During magnetic separation, magnets are situated inside two separator drums which bear liquids. Due to the magnets, magnetic particles are being drifted by the movement of the drums. This can create a magnetic concentrate (e.g. an ore concentrate).^[2]

History[edit]

Michael Faraday discovered that when a substance is put in a magnetic environment, the intensity of the environment is modified by it.^[3] With this information, he discovered that different materials can be separated with their magnetic properties. The table below shows the common ferromagnetic and paramagnetic minerals as well as the field intensity that is required in order to separate those minerals.^[3]

In the 1860s, magnetic separation started to become commercialized. It was used to separate iron from brass.^[3] After the 1880s, ferromagnetic materials started to be magnetically separated. In the 1900s, high intensity magnetic separation was inaugurated which allowed the separation of pragmatic materials.^[3] After the Second World War, systems that were the most common were electromagnets. The technique was used in scrap yards. Magnetic separation was developed again in the late 1970s with new technologies being inaugurated.^[2] The new forms of magnetic separation included magnetic pulleys, overhead magnets and magnetic drums.

In mines where wolframite was mixed with cassiterite, such as South Crofty and East Pool mine in Cornwall or with bismuth such as at the Shepherd and Murphy mine in Moina, Tasmania, magnetic separation is used to separate the ores. At these mines, a device called a Wetherill's Magnetic Separator (invented by John Price Wetherill, 1844–1906)^[4] was used. In this machine, the raw ore, after calcination was fed onto a conveyor belt which passed underneath two pairs of electromagnets under which further belts ran at right angles to the feed belt. The first pair of balls was weakly magnetized and served to draw off any iron ore present. The second pair were strongly magnetized and attracted the wolframite, which is weakly magnetic.^[4] These machines were capable of treating 10 tons of ore a day.

Common applications[edit]

Magnetic separation can also be used in electromagnetic cranes that separate magnetic material from scraps and unwanted substances.^[1] This explains its use for shipment equipments and waste management. Unwanted metals can be removed from goods with this technique. It keeps all materials pure.^[1] Recycling centres use magnetic separation often to separate components from recycling, isolate metals, and purify ores.^[1] Overhead magnets, magnetic pulleys, and the magnetic drums were the methods used in the recycling industry.^[1]

Magnetic separation is also useful in mining iron as it is attracted to a magnet.^[3]

Eriez Permanent Magnetic Separators require no electric power. With proper care, they can last a lifetime with very little loss of field strength. Select Eriez Permanent Magnetic Separators are available with the Xtreme RE7 Magnetic Circuit - the industry's strongest magnet! The rare-earth magnetic roll (REMR) magnetic separator has no such air gap. Consequently, the magnetic force does not decline in the manner of an IMR set with a large air gap. Magnetic Separators Application in Mineral Industry One of the oldest tools used in mineral concentrating is the magnetic separator.

The separator. Any conveyor idlers beneath the separator must be made of rubber, wood, or some other non-magnetic material. Both the Manual Cleaning and the Self-Cleaning units should be installed on the centerline of the material conveyor and parallel to the slope of the conveyor. FIGURE 5 Manual cleaning position 1 FIGURE 6 Self-cleaning. Magnetic separators 5 Standard drive system consists of a right angle gear motor The separator is equipped with adjustable concentrate overflow wiev. Drum drive system The drum of a Metso magnetic separator has a drive shaft, which can be adapted to any type of drive. The position of the drive components is favourable, located outside. Safeguard Your Product Quality and Protect Your Equipment. Bunting ® Magnetics Co. Magnetic Separation Equipment is used in the food, dairy, grain & milling, chemical, plastics, oil, textile, recycling, and other industries for applications and products similar to yours.

Magnetic separation is a process used to separate materials from those that are less or non­magnetic. All materials have a response when placed in a magnetic field, although with most, the effect is too slight to be detected. Induction type high magnetic force separator KID-R Removal of weak magnetic granular materials. 2.6 T (26 kg) max. Cross belt type high magnetic force separator KID-B For small capacity. Less mixture of raw materials in removed iron. Induction type separator KID Suitable for removing iron from casting sand.

Another application, not widely known but very important, is to use magnets in process industries to remove metal contaminants from product streams^[1]. This takes a lot of importance in food or pharmaceutical industries.

Magnetic separation is also used in situations where pollution needs to be controlled, in chemical processing, as well as during the benefaction of nonferrous low-grade ores.^[1]

Magnetic separation is also used in the following industries: dairy, grain and milling, plastics, food, chemical, oils, textile, and more.

Magnetic cell separation[edit]

Magnetic cell separation is on the rise. It is currently being used in clinical therapies, more specifically in cancers and hereditary diseases researches.^[5] Magnetic cell separation took a turn when, Zborowski, an Immunomagnetic Cell Separation (IMCS) pioneer, analyzed commercial magnetic cell separation. Zborowski uncovered crucial revelations that were then used, and are still used today, in the human understanding of cell biology.^[5] Today, the manufacture of therapeutic products concerning cancers and genetic diseases, are being innovated due to these discoveries.^[5]

In microbiology[edit]

Magnetic separation techniques are also used in microbiology. In this case, binding molecules and antibodies are used in order to isolate specific viable organisms, nucleic acids, or antigens.^[6] This technology helps isolating bacterial species to identify and give diagnostics of genes targeting certain organisms.^[6] When magnetic separation techniques are combined with PCR (polymerase chain reaction), the results increase in sensitivity and specificity.^[6]

Low-field magnetic separation[edit]

Low-field magnetic separation is often in environmental contexts such as water purification and the separation of complex mixtures.^[7] Low magnetic field gradients are field gradients that are smaller than one hundred tesla per meter.^[7] Monodisperse magnetite (${\displaystyle {\text{Fe}}_3^{}{\text{O}}_4^{}}$) and nanocrystals (${\displaystyle \text{NCs}}$) are used for this technique.^[7]

Weak magnetic separation[edit]

Weak magnetic separation is used to create cleaner iron-rich products that can be reused.^[8] These products have low levels of impurities and a high iron load. This technique is used as a recycling technology.^[8] It is coupled with steelmaking slag fines as well as a selection of particle size screening.^[8]

Equipments[edit]

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With today's technology advances, a variety of equipments is available to perform magnetic separation.^[9] Grates, plate magnets, magnet housing, basic cartridges, pulleys, drums, and self-cleaning separators are designed to separate metals with either gravity, pneumatic, or magnetic conveying systems.^[9]

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References[edit]

1. ^ ^abcdefghttps://www.powderprocess.net/Equipments%20html/Magnets.html
2. ^ ^abcdOberteuffer, J. (1974). 'Magnetic separation: A review of principles, devices, and applications'. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. 10 (2): 223–238. Bibcode:1974ITM..10.223O. doi:10.1109/TMAG.1974.1058315.
3. ^ ^abcdeBronkala, William J. (2000-06-15), 'Magnetic Separation', Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, doi:10.1002/14356007.b02_19, ISBN3527306730
4. ^ ^ab'Historical Markers - Samuel Wetherill'. ExplorePAhistory.com. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
5. ^ ^abcBrown, William H (1995). 'Trends in patent renewals at the United States patent and trademark office'. World Patent Information. 17 (4): 225–234. doi:10.1016/0172-2190(95)00043-7. ISSN0172-2190.
6. ^ ^abcOlsvik, O; Popovic, T; Skjerve, E; Cudjoe, K S; Hornes, E; Ugelstad, J; Uhlén, M (1994). 'Magnetic separation techniques in diagnostic microbiology'. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 7 (1): 43–54. doi:10.1128/cmr.7.1.43. ISSN0893-8512. PMC358305. PMID8118790.
7. ^ ^abcYavuz, C. T.; Mayo, J. T.; Yu, W. W.; Prakash, A.; Falkner, J. C.; Yean, S.; Cong, L.; Shipley, H. J.; Kan, A. (2006-11-10). 'Low-Field Magnetic Separation of Monodisperse Fe3O4 Nanocrystals'. Science. 314 (5801): 964–967. doi:10.1126/science.1131475. ISSN0036-8075. PMID17095696.
8. ^ ^abcMa, Naiyang; Houser, Joseph Blake (2014). 'Recycling of steelmaking slag fines by weak magnetic separation coupled with selective particle size screening'. Journal of Cleaner Production. 82: 221–231. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.06.092. ISSN0959-6526.
9. ^ ^abMagnetics, Bunting. 'Magnetic Separation Equipment Bunting Magnetics'. Bunting Magnetics Co. Retrieved 2019-04-04.

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